Thermal changes in Human Abdomen Exposed to Microwaves: A Model Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
The electromagnetic energy associated with microwave radiation interacts with the biological tissues and consequently, may produce thermo-physiological effects in living beings. Traditionally, Pennes’ bioheat equation (BTE) is employed to analyze the heat transfer in biological medium. Being based on Fourier Law, Pennes’ BTE assumes infinite speed of propagation of heat transfer. However, heat propagates with finite speed within biological tissues, and thermal wave model of bioheat transfer (TWBHT) demonstrates this non-Fourier behavior of heat transfer in biological medium. In present study, we employed Pennes’ BTE and TWMBT to numerically analyze temperature variations in human abdomen model exposed to plane microwaves at 2450 MHz. The numerical scheme comprises coupling of solution of Maxwell's equation of wave propagation within tissue to Pennes’ BTE and TWMBT. Temperatures predicted by both the bioheat models are compared and effect of relaxation time on temperature variations is investigated. Additionally, electric field distribution and specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution is also studied. Transient temperatures predicted by TWMBT are lower than that by traditional Pennes’ BTE, while temperatures are identical in steady state. The results provide comprehensive understanding of temperature changes in irradiated human body, if microwave exposure duration is short.
Downloads
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
R.F. Cleveland Jr, Radio frequency radiation in the environment: sources, exposure standard, and related issue. In: Carpenter DO, Ayrapetyan S, editors, Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields, Academic Press, New York, 1994.
World Health Organization (WHO) and International Programme on Chemical Safety, Electromagnetic fields (300 Hz to 300 GHz)/ published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Radiation Protection Association, and the World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.
K.l. Ryan , J.A. D'Andrea, J.R. Jauchem , P.A. Mason, Radio frequency radiation of millimeter wave length: potential occupational safety issues relating to surface heating, Health Phys 78(2): 170-81, 2000
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Phys. 74: 494-522, 1998.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), (2001) Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, OET Bulletin 65, Supplement C, 01-01, 2001.
IEEE, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. IEEE Standard C95 :1, 1999.
C.H. Durney, H. Massoudi, F.I. Magdy, Radio frequency radiation dosimetry handbook. 4th ed., Brooks Air Force Base; USAFSAM-TR-85-75, Texas, 1986.
L.J. Challis, Mechanisms for interaction between RF fields and biological tissue, Bioelectromagnetics, Suppl 7: S98-S106, 2005.
M.A. Stuchly, Health Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference Proceedings, Aspen, CO, USA, pp.351-368, 1995.
E.R. Adair, B.W.Adams, G.M. Akel, Minimal changes in hypothalamic temperature accompany microwave-induced alteration of thermoregulatory behavior, Bioelectromagnetics 5: 13-30, 1984.
H.H. Pennes, Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperature in the Resting Human Forearm, Journal of Applied Physiology 1: 93-122,1948.
U.D. Nguyen, J.S. Brown, I.A. Chang, J. Krycia, M.S. Mirotznik, Numerical evaluation of heating of the human head due to magnetic resonance imaging, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 51:1301-9, 2004.
P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, S. Pisa, E. Piuzzi, Specific absorption rate and temperature elevation in a subject exposed in the far-field of radio-frequency sources operating in the 10-900-MHz range, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 50: 295-304,2003.
O.P. Gandhi, Q.X. Li, G. Kang, Temperature rise for the human head for cellular telephones and for peak SARs prescribed in safety guidelines, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 49: 1607-1613, 2001.
O.P. Gandhi, G. Lazzi, C.M. Furse, Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 44: 1884-1897,1996.
T. Wessapan, S. Srisawatdhisukul, P. Rattanadecho, Specific Absorption Rate and Temperature Distributions in Human Head Subjected to Mobile Phone Radiation at Different Frequencies, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 55: 347-359, 2012.
T. Wessapan,, P. Rattanadecho P, Specific absorption rate and temperature increase in the human eye due to electromagnetic fields exposure at different frequencies, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 64: 426-435, 2013.
T. Wessapan, S. Srisawatdhisukul, P. Rattanadecho, Numerical analysis of specific absorption rate and heat transfer in the human body exposed to leakage electromagnetic field at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz, Journal of Heat Transfer 133 : 051101, 2011.
J. Liu , X. Chen , L.X. Xu, New thermal wave aspects on burn evaluation of skin subjected to instantaneous heating, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 46: 420- 428, 1999.
S. Ozen, S. Helhel, O. Cerezci, Heat analysis of biological tissue exposed to microwave by using thermal wave model of bio-heat transfer (TWMBT), Burns 34: 45-9, 2008.
J. Liu, X. Zhang, C. Wang, W. Lu, Z. Ren, Generalized time delay bioheat equation and preliminary analysis on its wave nature, Chin. Sci. Bull. 42: 289-292,1997.
F. Xu, T. Lu, K.A. Seffen, Dual-phase-lag model of skin bioheat transfer, Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, Sanya, China, pp. 505-511, 2008.
K.C. Liu, Y.N. Wang, Y.S. Chen, Investigation on the bio-heat transfer with the dual-phase-lag effect, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 58: 29-35, 2012.
H. Ahmadikia, R. Fazlali, A. Moradi, Analytical solution of the parabolic and hyperbolic heat transfer equations with constant and transient heat flux conditions on skin tissue, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39: 121-130,2012.
F. Xu, T. Lu, Analysis of skin bioheat transfer, in: Introduction to Skin Biothermomechanics and Thermal Pain, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 69-83, 2011.
F. Xu, K. Seffen, T. Lu, Non-Fourier analysis of skin biothermomechanics, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51: 2237-2259,2008.
K. Mitra, S. Kumar, A. Vedevarz, M.K. Moallemi, Experimental evidence of hyperbolic heat conduction in processed meat, J. Heat Transfer 117: 568-573, 1995.
A. Banerjee, A. Ogale, C. Das, K. Mitra, C. Subramanian, Temperature distribution in different materials due to short pulse laser irradiation, Heat Transfer Eng. 26: 41-49,2005.
P. Antaki, New interpretation of non-fourier heat conduction in processed meat, J. Heat Transfer 127(2): 189-193, 2005.
W. Kaminski, Hyperbolic heat conduction equation for materials with a nonhomogeneous inner structure, J. Heat Transfer 112: 555-560, 1990.
A.O. Rodrigues, J.J. Viana, L.O.C.Rodrigues, J.A. Ramirez, Calculation of temperature rise induced by cellular phones in the human head, J. Microwaves Optoelectron. 6: 310-322, 2007.
H. Herwig, K. Beckert, Fourier versus non-fourier heat conduction in materials with a nonhomogeneous inner structure, J. Heat Transfer 122: 363-365, 1999.
C. Cattaneo, A form of heat conduction equation which eliminates the paradox of instantaneous propagation, Comp. Rend. 247: 431-433, 1958.
P. Vernotte, Les paradoxes de la theorie continue de l'equation de la chaleur, Comp. Rend. 246: 3154-3155, 1958.
K. Shiba, N. Higaki, Analysis of SAR and current density in human tissue surrounding an energy transmitting coil for a wireless capsule endoscope, Proceedings of the 20th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, pp. 321-324, 2009.
R.L. Macintosh, V. Anderson, A comprehensive tissue properties database provided for the thermal assessment of a human at rest, Biophysical Reviews and Letters 05 (03): 129-151, 2010.
C. Gabriel, Compilation of the dielectric properties of body tissues at RF and microwave frequencies, Report N.AL/OE-TR- 1996-0037, Occupational and environmental health directorate, Radiofrequency Radiation Division, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas (USA), 1996.
R.J. Spiegel, A review of numerical models for predicting the energy deposition and resultant thermal response of humans exposed to electromagnetic fields, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 32 (8): 730-746, 1984.
S. Nishizawa, O. Hashimoto, Effectiveness analysis of lossy dielectric shields for a three-layered human model, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47: 277-283, 1999.